Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy

Impact of First-Line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Metabolic Syndrome: Predictors and Comparative Analysis

Ahmed Ibrahim Abdeltawwab Hussein — 2025-10-30

Even though highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is successful in decreasing HIV-related illness and death, concerns about metabolic syndrome (MetS) are increasing. However, there is limited evidence on the predictors of MetS among adults undergoing first-line HAART regimens in Malaysia. This study aimed to compare the MetS components between first-line HAART regimens containing integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and non-INSTI regimens at baseline and 12-month follow-up. Additionally, it aimed to identify predictors of MetS among HIV patients on first-line HAART. This prospective cohort study included adults diagnosed with HIV from January 2023 till April 2023 and receiving first-line HAART for a minimum of 6 months, undergoing follow-up at Hospital Sungai Buloh, Malaysia. Data from 210 patients, mostly males (91.9%) and Malays (47.1%), were analyzed. Significant mean differences in MetS components were observed between patients receiving INSTI and non-INSTI regimens. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis identified depressive disorders, non-INSTI HAART regimens, and age as significant predictors of MetS among HIV patients. The incidence of MetS was considerable among the study population, highlighting the significance of routinely monitoring patients' clinical and laboratory data and promoting health education to effectively manage and avoid HIV patients' metabolic illnesses.

Simultaneous Quantification of Para-Phenylenediamine and Resorcinol in Hair Dyes Using Franz Diffusion Technique Coupled With HPLC

R. Sharveswaran — 2025-10-30

Hair dyes commonly contain paraphenylenediamine (PPD) and resorcinol, which are widely used as oxidative coloring agents. Due to their potential skin penetration and associated health risks, it is crucial to assess their permeation through the skin and quantify their levels in cosmetic formulations. This study aims to determine the diffusion and quantification of PPD and resorcinol using the Franz diffusion cell technique coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The experimental setup involves applying commercially available hair dye formulations onto a synthetic membrane in a Franz diffusion cell to simulate dermal absorption. Samples from the receptor compartment are collected at predetermined intervals and analysed using an optimized HPLC method. The chromatographic separation is performed on a C18 column with a suitable mobile phase, ensuring efficient resolution and detection of both compounds.Method validation follows ICH guidelines, assessing parameters such as linearity, accuracy,precision, and sensitivity. This study provides critical insights into the skin permeability of PPD and resorcinol, contributing to the safety assessment of hair dye formulations. The developed analytical method ensures precise quantification, supporting regulatory compliance and consumer safety in cosmetic product development.

Next-Generation Materials in Biophysical Chemistry: Nano and Bio Innovations

D Sai Pavani — 2025-10-30

Nanomaterials are revolutionizing biophysical chemistry through their applications in targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and biosensing; however, a detailed understanding of their interactions with biological macromolecules is essential for effective therapeutic development. Ubiquitin (PDB ID: 1UBQ), a conserved 76- amino-acid protein central to protein degradation and intracellular signalling, serves as an ideal model for studying nano– bio interactions. In this study, silicon dioxide (SiO₂), sourced from PubChem as a representative nanomaterial-inspired ligand, was docked with ubiquitin to explore potential binding mechanisms. The protein structure was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank, and ligand optimization and docking were performed using AutoDock Vina, with blind docking employed to survey the entire protein surface. Analysis of docking scores, hydrogen bonds, and hydrophobic interaction profiles revealed moderate-affinity binding pockets involving β-sheet surfaces and flexible loop regions, suggesting that SiO₂ can interact with key polar and charged residues to stabilize or modulate protein function. Linking these interactions to practical applications, the SiO₂–ubiquitin contacts at the β-sheet regions could potentially enhance serum stability, increase circulation half-life and improving drug delivery efficiency. Furthermore, the interactions within flexible loop regions might facilitate endosomal escape, enabling targeted release in intracellular environments. These findings highlight the potential of silicon dioxide-based nanomaterials for biomedical applications such as targeted therapeutics, protein stabilization, and biosensor development, and provide a computational foundation for future experimental validation of nanomaterial– protein interactions.

In Silico Elucidation of Antineoplastic Mechanisms in Cucurbita pepo Seed Extract Using Advanced Molecular Modeling Techniques

V.Prisicilla Pushparani — 2025-10-30

Cancer continues to pose a significant global health burden, with lung and breast cancer among the most frequently diagnosed types. In this study, the most nutrition-rich andanticancer potential of Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin) seed extract was investigated using an integrative computational biology approach. Bioactive constituents from the aqueous extract were identified through Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Molecular docking studies, conducted using PyRx, evaluated the binding affinity of these phytochemicals toward the HER2 (PDB ID: 3PP0) receptor, a critical target in cancer therapeutics. Notably, Stearic acid glycidyl ester, Linoleic acid, and Trilinolein demonstrated strong binding interactions with HER2, suggesting their role in modulating oncogenic pathways. Drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed via ADMET analysis, confirming favorable bioavailability and toxicity profiles. The most promising compound-receptor complex was further validated through a 100-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulation, which revealed sustained structural stability. These findings propose C. pepo as a promising natural source of anticancer agents andprovide a strong basis for future in-vitro and in-vivo experimental validation.

A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge and Attitude on Maternal Care Among Spouses of Pregnant Women at a Selected Hospital in Chennai

Vinmathi V — 2025-10-30

Antenatal care is important to identify women at risk of developing pregnancy complications. In India, husbands are the main decision makers in family. Their support can have positive impact on health care of women, which in turn depends on their knowledge regarding importance of antenatal care with this view, a descriptive design was adopted to assess the knowledge and attitude on maternal care among spouses of pregnant women at a selected hospital in Chennai. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify a 245 spouses of pregnant women .The instrument consist questioners to assess the background variables, knowledge of the spouses of the pregnant women on maternal care and attitude likert scale related to maternal care. Major findings: The study revealed that out of 245 subjects 38.4% of the spouses of pregnant women had adequate knowledge 57.6% of them had moderately adequate knowledge and very few (4.1%) of them had inadequate knowledge about maternal care. The study revealed that out of 245 subjects 80.8% had highly favourable attitude, 5.3% had favourable attitude and 13.9% had unfavourable attitude. The attitude means percentage score was 84%.There was a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude of spouse of pregnant women. There was a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude of spouse of pregnant women.The study showed a significant association between knowledge, education, occupation of the spouse of pregnant women. Conclusions: Majority of the spouses of pregnant women have poor knowledge regarding maternal care. Secondly majority of the spouses of pregnant women have favorable attitude towards maternal care. Consequent upon this, it was recommended that improved strategies hinged on enlightenment and orientation of men should be developed.

Development and validation of educational pamphlet to prevent Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

Poongodi Ramalingam — 2025-10-30

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent episodes of complete (apneas) and partial (hypopneas) upper airway obstruction. During sleep, the muscles relax, causing the uvula and other soft tissues in the throat to collapse, which blocks the upper airway. The Obstructive Sleep Apnea is one of the leading risk factor for coronary heart diseases and heart failure. People with OSA snore loudly and frequently there is a misconception among villagers in the rural area as in loud and frequent snoring refers to hard work and effort. This study aims to create and validate educational pamphlet on early signs and measure to control and prevent Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in order to create awareness among rural people. A quantitative research approach was adopted.The pamphlet was developed in three phases which includes review of content, design / layout of the pamphlet and validation with expert opinion. The pamphlet have developed based on BALD (Backer Able Leaflet Design) method. The pamphlet was validated by the experts with minimum 10 years of experience (Two general physician, Two endocrinologist, Ten Nursing teaching Faculties, Two physiotherapist, Five nursing administrators, Ten Intensive Care Staff nurse and Four postoperative staff nurses. Validated by using Item level content validity index (I-CVI) and Scale level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) individual items which ranged from 0.94 – 1. Scale level Content Validity Index (S-CVI) was 0.9120.Content validation of our study showed I-CVI more than 0.97 for all the items in the questionnaire except item - 1 (I-CVI= 0.94).

Surgical Margins and Clinicopathological Determinants of Oncologic Outcomes in Pelvic Tumour Hemipelvectomy: A Single-Centre Retrospective Review

Mohd Ariff Sharifudin — 2025-10-30

Introduction: Hemipelvectomy is a complex surgical procedure used to manage primary and metastatic pelvic tumours. Achieving safe surgical margins in pelvic tumour resections remains a major challenge due to anatomical complexity and late presentation. This study evaluated the accuracy of surgical margins, associated clinicopathological factors, and their implications on oncologic outcomes following hemipelvectomy. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 64 patients who underwent internal or external hemipelvectomy for pelvic tumours at a single referral centrewas conducted. Data on tumour type, volume, stage, resection type, and margin status were analysed. Oncologic outcomes assessed included local recurrence, distant metastasis, and disease-specific mortality. Tumours were staged using Enneking and American Joint Committee on Cancer(AJCC) systems, and margin status was classified histologically. Statistical analyses included Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox regression. Results: The mean age was 39.8 years (range 8–79). Most tumours were primary (76.6%), with chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma being the most common. Internal hemipelvectomy was performed in 64.1% of patients. Wide resection was attempted in 37 cases, of which 14 (37.8%) resulted in positive microscopic margins. Positive margins were significantly associated with tumour volume, stage, surgical type, and resection subtype. Contaminated wide margins had a higher positivity rate (56.3%). Positive margins correlated with higher recurrence rates but paradoxically showed lower disease-specific mortality, possibly due to adjuvant therapy or selection bias. Internal hemipelvectomy was associated with better disease-specific survival. Conclusion: Multiple clinicopathological factors influence surgical margin status and oncologic outcomes. While positive margins were linked to recurrence, they were not independently predictive of mortality. The probability of achieving a clear margin was low, highlighting the need for meticulous surgical planning. Internal hemipelvectomy offers favourable survival outcomes when performed with appropriate patient selection.

HPLC Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Dapagliflozin and Linagliptin in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Formulation

A.S. Rajesh Kumar — 2025-10-30

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, often leading to severe complications such as cardiovascular disease, renal failure, and neuropathy. Linagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, and dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, are frequently used together to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus in order to enhance glycemic control. The objective of this research is to develop and validate a novel new high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique for the simultaneous detection of linagliptin and dapagliflozin in pharmaceutical dosage forms and bulk. The chromatographic separation was carried out using a Waters Reliant C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (60:40 v/v) in isocratic mode. The flow rate was maintained at 1.0 mL/min, with UV detection at 244 nm. The retention times for Dapagliflozin and Linagliptin were found to be 1.607 and 3.637 minutes, respectively. The method was validated according to ICH guidelines for accuracy, precision, linearity, robustness, and ruggedness. Linearity was established in the concentration range of 60- 210 ppm for Dapagliflozin and 1-10 ppm for Linagliptin, with correlation coefficients (r²) above 0.998. Recovery studies confirmed accuracy within acceptable limits. The developed method proved to be precise, accurate, and robust, making it suitable for routine quality control analysis of Dapagliflozin and Linagliptin in pharmaceutical formulations. This validated method ensures reliable quantification, facilitating effective therapeutic monitoring of these antidiabetic agents.

Parental Attitudes on Autism Spectrum Disorder Development Among Children in Malaysia: A Review

Maisarah Adibah Mohd Roslan — 2025-12-18

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that has been increasingly recognized worldwide, including in Malaysia. However, there remains a gap in understanding the prevalence, parental attitudes, cultural influences, and the role of knowledge and awareness in shaping societal acceptance of ASD. This review aims to describe the prevalence of ASD among children in Malaysia, determine the role of parental attitudes in the developmental outcomes of children with ASD, examine the impact of cultural beliefs and social norms on parental attitudes, and explain how parental knowledge and awareness influence their acceptance of ASD children. Existing data shows that the prevalence of ASD in Malaysia is rising, partly due to increased awareness and improved diagnostic tools. It was recorded that 1 in 625 Malaysian children had ASD. Studies show a substantial increase in diagnosed cases, particularly in urban areas such as Selangor. High parental stress, lack of coping mechanisms, and financial burdens contribute to poorer developmental outcomes, thus, positive parental attitudes are associated with better social skills and emotion regulation in ASD children. In Malaysia, traditional and religious beliefs often contribute to stigma, leading to misconceptions about ASD being linked to karma or supernatural causes. This discourages parents from seeking early intervention and support. Research suggests that higher awareness levels are associated with earlier diagnosis, better intervention outcomes, and reduced stigma. It also improves parental understanding and support for ASD children.

Bacteriological Analysis of Pharmaceutical Waste Water and Surrounding Environmental Waste Samples in South India

Kamatham Sravani — 2025-10-30

To isolate and characterize the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria from South Indian pharmaceutical waste water, surface water, and ground water samples around the pharmaceutical industries. Methods: In total, 55 samples were collected from Chennai, Nellore, Hyderabad, Kerala, and Bangalore in southern India. The bacteria were isolated using various conditions, and their identification was then confirmed using biochemical characterization. VITEK 2 Compact and VITEK MS are frequently used for further identification of bacterial isolates. Results: From 55 samples, 48 isolates totaling 10 distinct bacteria were identified. The identified bacterial isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae (19%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%), Enterobacter aerogenes (12%), Corynebacterium sp. (2%), Acinetobacter sp. (5%), Aeromonas punctata (3%), Ralstonia picketti (2%), Staphylococcus aureus (28%), Stenotrophomonas maltophillia (3%), and Citrobacter freundi. Conclusion: The study's findings indicated that numerous bacterial species were present in wastewater, surface water, and groundwater samples from the pharmaceutical industries, but the spread of resistant microbes could be stopped by the effective implementation of effluent treatment plant protocols in every pharma industry. According to this study, pharmaceutical companies must have an efficient waste water treatment facility before discharging waste water into the environment in or

Silver Nanoparticle-Based Transdermal Patch from Lippia Nodiflora: A Promising Approach for Accelerating Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Keerthana S — 2025-10-30

The growing demand for safe and effective wound healing therapies has led to the exploration of nanotechnology-based transdermal systems. In this study, a transdermal patch incorporating silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from the ethyl acetate extract of Lippia nodiflora was developed using the solvent casting method with HPMC as the polymer base. Phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of flavonoids (60 mg QE/g), phenolics (7.5 mg GAE/g), and tannins (50 mg GAE/g), known for their antioxidant and wound-healing properties. The biosynthesized AgNPs (mean size 355.3 nm, zeta potential –28.4 mV) exhibited strong antioxidant activity of 95.69 μg/mL (DPPH) and 97.88 μg/mL (nitric oxide scavenging). Transdermal patches (F1–F5) were uniform in thickness (42–55 μm), folding endurance (100– 150), and drug content (79–90%), with surface pH values close to skin compatibility (5.8–8.1). Among the formulations, F5 showed the highest cumulative drug release (95.82% in 24 h) and followed zero-order kinetics (R² = 0.9976), indicating sustained release through non-Fickian diffusion. These findings highlight the potential of L. nodiflora-mediated AgNP transdermal patches as multifunctional wound dressings offering antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and controlled-release benefits. Future work should validate efficacy through in vivo and clinical studies.

Synthesis and Characterization of Capsule Shell Formulation Using Konjac Glucomannan as an Alternative Halal Binder

Ilham Ameera Azhar — 2025-10-30

Background: In accordance with cultural and religious restrictions, certain consumers, notably among Muslims, Hindus, Jews, and vegetarians around the world, are concerned when gelatin used in capsules is produced from animal sources, particularly porcine and bovine. Therefore, an effort to develop halal, plant-based pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients has been made to solve this issue. Less studies have been conducted on Konjac Glucomannan in capsule production. Objective: This research was conducted by developing alternative plant-based capsule through dipping method and find the best formula that can achieve and fulfill good properties of capsules according to standards. Methods: Hard capsule shells were made using formulations such as konjac powder, sorbitol, starch, lactose and distilled water using dipping method. The best formulation of capsules was selected and then they were tested using weight variation test, swelling degree test, water content analysis, disintegration test and dissolution test to evaluate their physicochemical properties. Results: Based on the results of the study, antimicrobial of synthetic konjac powder is very minimal and to get optimum results of antimicrobial, extraction of Konjac Glucomannan from its plant is needed. There were nine formulations produced, however only three of the formulations were chosen which were formulation F7, F8 and F9. Formulation F8 was selected as the best formulation as its characterization results fulfils the standard requirement. Conclusion: In a nutshell, the usage of Konjac Glucomannan as an alternative binder is appropriate in production of capsules with addition of other polymers such as starch and lactose.

Reversed Phase UPLC Method Estimation of Lovastatinin Novel Hydrogel Formulation: Application of method to Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Histopathological samples

Raja Rajeswari Katta — 2025-10-30

Lovastatin is used to treat high blood cholesterol and reduce the risk ofcardiovascular disease. In this study, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method was developed to measure the concentrations of Lovastatin in rat blood, and the method was applied in measuring the pharmacokinetics of the analyte after oral and intravenous administration. The analyte was extracted by solid phase extraction method. A. UPLC BEH C18 column (2.1 mm x 100 mm, 1.8 µm particle size) was used for chromatographic separation by gradient elution using acetonitrile-water (0.1% formic acid) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Lovastatin was administered to the rats orally at 2 mg/kg and intravenously at 0.05 mg/kg. Blood was collected at various time intervals, and the blood samples were processed after collection and analyzed by UPLC. The intra-day and inter-day accuracy of Lovastatin were 91%-103% and 85%-107%, respectively, and the precision (RSD, %) was less than 15% for both intra-day and inter-day measurements. The matrix effect ranged from 95% to 108%, and the recovery was higher than 70%. Lovastatin has a good linear relationship in the range of 10-500 ng/mL, and the lower limit of quantification was 10 ng/mL. The precision, accuracy, extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability meet the requirements of the guiding principles. A robust and reliable UPLC method was fully optimized and developed to detect the blood concentration of Lovastatin in rats and the samples were analyzed by Empower software.

In Vitro Cognitive Enhancement Effects of 3-Hydroxyflavone and its Solid Lipid Nanoparticles in PC12 Cells via MTT Assay and ROS Analysis

Chakali Ayyanna — 2025-10-30

Oxidative stress with neuronal apoptosis exhibits a strong correlation with neurodegenerative conditions, including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Because of their antioxidant capabilities, flavonoids in particular 3-Hydroxyflavone (3HF), have demonstrated notable neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing qualities. This study investigates the cognitive-enhancing effects of 3- Hydroxyflavone (3HF), a flavonoid with antioxidant properties, and its solid lipid nanoparticle formulation (3HFSLNP’s), and using PC12 neuronal cell lines. Due to 3-HF's poor solubility and absorption, it was encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles via the solvent evaporation method to improve delivery and effectiveness. The nanoparticles were evaluated for particle dimensions, zeta potential, invitro drug release, and encapsulation efficiency. Using MTT assays and ROS measurements, the study found that both 3HF and 3HFSLNP’s amplified cell viability and reduced oxidative stress in a dose-dependent way. However, 3HFSLNP’s demonstrated significantly superior results, indicating cognitive enhancing effects. The present findings imply that 3HFSLNP’s may serve as an impending neuroprotective agent for neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and AD, although additional in vivo studies are required to verify thesefindings.

Association Between Antiretroviral Therapy Adherence and Clinical Outcomes among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients at Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic

Khoo Sze Ni — 2025-12-18

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negatively impacts the immune system, particularly CD4 count, and causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related illnesses and death. Most HIV patients have a decrease in viral load (VL) at the start of antiretroviral therapy (ART), but recovery of CD4 count varies. The objective of the study is to determine the association between clinical outcomes among HIV patients and antiretroviral therapy adherence. A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the infectious disease (ID) clinic. HIV patients started on antiretroviral therapy (ART) were recruited and followed up for a minimum of 6 months with at least one Malaysia Medication Adherence Assessment Tool (MyMAAT) done by pharmacist at Retroviral Disease Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic (RVD MTAC). Data were retrieved using a data collection form and analyzed using SPSS version 25. A total of 30 subjects were recruited with 93.3% of patients were categorized as good adherence (score > 54) based on MyMAAT. The median self-reported adherence score was 60 [IQR: 59-60]. The median pharmacy refill adherence rate was 100% [IQR: 99.9-100]. Using pharmacy refill adherence rate, patients were categorise using threshold of > 90%, 93.3% were adherent to ART. An exploratory analysis showed that, there were significant difference between the CD4 count pre and post ART among those with good adherence. There was significant difference between clinical outcome (baseline CD4 and CD4 post antiretroviral initiation) among HIV patients who were having good adherence towards antiretroviral therapy.

A study to explore the factors related to treatment seeking behaviour of patients with acute coronary syndrome in a tertiary care hospital at Chennai

Ruthmary. S — 2025-10-30

Objective: The aim of the study was to explore the factors related to treatment seeking behavior of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in a tertiary care hospital at Chennai, and to compare these factors between patients who sought treatment promptly and those who experienced delays. Method: A total of 250 patients diagnosed with ACS were included in this descriptive cross-sectional study. Participants were interviewed using standardized tools including the Acute Coronary Syndrome Response Index and the Modified Response to Symptoms Questionnaire. Data were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, clinical features, symptom recognition, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge of ACS risk factors. Patients were categorized into timely treatment seekers (<2 hours) and delayers (2 hours or more). Results: Only 29.3% of patients sought timely treatment, while 50.6% experienced delays exceeding 8 hours. The mean knowledge score on ACS symptoms was higher among timely seekers (mean = 14.15) compared to delayers (mean = 13.27), though overall, 37.2% had inadequate knowledge. The most common interpretation of symptoms was indigestion (38.4%), and only 19.6% identified symptom onset as abrupt. A statistically significant correlation was found between knowledge of symptoms and risk factors (ρ = 0.000). Beliefs about ACS were also significantly associated with treatmentseeking delay (p = 0.043). Only 2% used ambulances, with 83.6% relying on family transport. Most symptoms began at home (67.1%), and while 70.4% told someone nearby, only 26.4% contacted emergency services. Pain was often described as discomfort (39.6%) and most commonly located in the chest (34%) and left shoulder (33.2%). Conclusion: The study concludes that limited knowledge of ACS symptoms and risk factors, misinterpretation of symptoms, low perceived seriousness, and inadequate use of emergency services are major contributors to treatment seeking delay. Strengthening community education and emergency response behaviours could reduce pre-hospital delay and improve ACS outcomes.

Determination of Antibiotic Residues in Ice Creams by Using LC/MS/MS Technique

Elakiya. S — 2025-10-30

Two different brands of ice creamhave been procured from the market and used for the present study.Five commonly used antibiotics such as Nitrofuran metabolites,Sulfonamides, quinolines &Fluoroquinolone residue,Nitrofuran Parent compounds, Nitroimidazole, Chloramphenical and tetracycline.0.1 grams of standard were dissolved in 2 milliliters of methanol to create stock solutions. To create a standard working solution with varying concentrations, this solution was further diluted using the same solvent.Samples were analyzed for antibiotic residues using HPLC coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectroscopy (LC/MS/MS). The separation was carried out using isocratic mode on an Agilent ODS C18 column with a suitable mobile phase.The technique's linearity, recovery, accuracy, and specticity were all confirmed.

Pesticide Residue Analysis in Tea Using LC-MS/MS– QuEChERS Technique

Pragath Rakshana V — 2025-10-30

Tea, the dried leaves of the plant of Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Theaceae, is an aromatic beverage that is consumed worldwide. Due to its properties of antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic and antiinflammatory, tea has attracted great attention. However, tea farming is sensitive to many kinds of diseases, pests and weeds, which causes the widely use of pesticides. Until now, more than 300 kinds of pesticide residues in tea have been. Massive pesticide exposure can lead to pesticide accumulation in the body, which harms human health and causes various diseases, thus many countries have established maximum residue limits for many pesticides. Meanwhile, tremendous efforts have been performed in order to develop analytical methods for pesticides determination in tea. Hence this research focuses to establish High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for determining the residues of pesticides in tea.

Bio-active marvels of Indigofera aspalathoides: Unveiling antioxidant power and snake venom neutralization abilities through In-vitro exploration

Nirmalkumar G — 2025-10-30

Significant health hazards are posed by oxidative stress and snake venom envenomation, especially in areas with poor access to healthcare. In this work, the antioxidant and snake venom-neutralizing qualities of the traditional medicinal herb Indigofera aspalathoides are investigated. The phytochemical composition of the plant's extracts was examined. With remarkable DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging capabilities, the ethyl acetate extract demonstrated strong antioxidant activity. This extract substantially suppressed PLA₂ activity and decreased haemolysis caused by snake venom, according to in vitro tests. This extract successfully suppressed PLA₂ activity and decreased haemolysis brought on by snake venom, according to in vitro tests. A number of bio-active substances that contribute to these effects were found by GC-MS analysis. According to these results, Indigofera aspalathoides has significant antioxidant qualities and the ability to neutralise the venom of the Russell's viper (Daboia russelii), which supports its traditional use in folk medicine and emphasises its potential as a natural therapeutic agent against oxidative stress and snake venom envenomation.

A Review on COVID-19 and Vaccine Development: What We Have Learned in this Pandemic

Kai Bin Liew — 2025-10-30

The emergence of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was initially documented in December 2019 in Wuhan, China which quickly evolving into a global pandemic. COVID-19 is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) virus. While the majority of individuals infected experience mild to moderate respiratory symptoms and recover without specific treatment, a minority endure severe illness requiring intensive medical care.In response, scientific/academic institutions and pharmaceutical manufacturers embarked on the development of COVID-19 vaccines, rigorously gathering evidence on their safety and efficacy. Regulatory authorities meticulously assess this data prior to international distribution. This article discusses on the life cycle and host cell invasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 virus, pathophysiology of COVID-19, diagnostic tests, preventive measures, and vaccines development. Overall, this review offers a thorough comprehension of the COVID-19 pandemic, providing stakeholders with the knowledge needed to effectively respond to and mitigate its impact on public health and society.

The Association Between Certain Lifestyle and cGPA of Students from University of Cyberjaya

Mohammed A. Abdalqader — 2025-10-30

Introduction: Lifestyle factors are pivotal in shaping academic outcomes among university students. This study examines the relationship between various lifestyle factors—such as physical activity, sleep quality, and dietary habits—and cumulative grade point average (cGPA), alongside sociodemographic influences. Objective: This study aims to explore the multifaceted relationships between lifestyle factors and cGPA among students at the University of Cyberjaya, focusing on the impact of physical activity, sleep quality, breakfast habits, and socio-demographic variables such as gender, age, and race on academic performance. Methodology: Employing a cross-sectional design, involving 394 University of Cyberjaya students aged 18-30, convenience sampling was used. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire, breakfast habits were classified based on food group combinations, and sleep quality was evaluated via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Data analysis was conducted using chi-square tests and logistic regression in JASP software. Results: The analysis highlighted significant associations: younger students (18-19) demonstrated higher academic performance; male students outperformed females; and active students had higher cGPA scores. Furthermore, students who do not skip breakfast and those with better sleep quality exhibited stronger academic performances. Conclusion: The study’s findings suggest that maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular physical activity, adequate sleep, and a nutritious breakfast, significantly correlates with higher academic achievement.

Inflammatory Cytokines Response among Positive Tuberculin Skin Test Children with Household Contacts Tuberculosis in an Endemic TB Setting

Rika Hapsari — 2025-10-30

Cell-mediated immunity, which involves interactions between T cells, macrophages, Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-17 (IL-17) are essential to the host against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Understanding the correlation between cytokine response and tuberculin skin test (TST) in latent tuberculosis (TB) infection children with household contact exposure may provide insights into immune mechanisms and diagnosis tuberculosis. This study was conducted at Dr.Soetomo Hospital, Indonesia. Children diagnosed with history of closed contact TB were performed TST. Serum levels of IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data were analyzed using Mann- Whitney U test, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Tuberculin skin test was positive in 20 (66.67%) children. Mean level serum of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL10were38.04 pg/mL, 4.96 pg/mL and 6.86 pg/mL.There were significant elevated of IFN-γ and IL-10 in children with positive TST group.Children with TB infection have a complex immunological response, as evidenced by their positive TST and elevated IFN-γ and IL-10 levels. Cytokine profiling could be helpful in differentiating between latent or early exposure and active disease in pediatric populations.

A Pre-Experimental Study to Assess the Impact of Nurse Initiated Care [NICE] on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice related to Diabetic Retinopathy among Diabetic Patients in Selected Rural Areas of Ranipet Districts

Suganthi Evangeline — 2025-10-30

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of blindness worldwide, especially among the working-age population. However, only 29.5% of diabetics are aware of the importance of routine eye examinations, while 35.9% are unaware. Aim: The primary objective was to check the compliance to diabetic retinopathy screening, to find the existing practice, to assess and compare the knowledge, and attitude regarding diabetic retinopathy and thereby prevent loss of vision among diabetics. Methods: A pre-experimental one-group pretest and post-test design was used to study 115 study participants who fulfilled the inclusion criteria from a selected Rural Area of Ranipet District. The instruments were prepared by the investigator to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice related to diabetic retinopathy. Nurse Initiated Care (NICE) was introduced to provide education on Diabetic Retinopathy to the participants using flash cards and pamphlets and a DR screening camp was organized by the investigator. Results: The current study findings show that there is a highly significant difference between knowledge and attitude (p<0.001) regarding diabetic retinopathy before and after NICE. Compliance towards NICE shows that the majority 102(88.7%) of participants attended the DR Screening Camp. Conclusion: The findings of the study indicate a need for sensitization of clients with diabetes mellitus regarding the screening of diabetic retinopathy for early detection of condition and preventing vision loss due to diabetes mellitus.

A Community-Based Family-Focused Experiential Learning Intervention to Improve Micronutrient Status and Maternal-Infant Outcomes Among Rural Antenatal Women in India: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled trial

Pratheesha Ilangovan — 2025-10-30

Background: Micronutrient deficiency, a global issue, especially affects pregnant women and children, leading to health problems(1–3). The issue is more severe in low-income countries due to poor diets, causing multiple deficiencies (4). During pregnancy, meeting nutritional needs like iron, calcium, and vitamin D through diet alone is challenging (3). In India, low intake of these nutrients contributes to anemia and vitamin D deficiency. We aim to determine the effectiveness of community-based familyfocused experiential learning intervention to improve micronutrients, maternal and infant outcomes. Methods: A parallel-group, twoarm randomized controlled trial of a community-based, complex intervention in rural India aims to decrease micronutrient deficiency, including anemia, calcium, and vitamin D deficiency. The primary outcomes are defined as hemoglobin < 11 g/dL, serum calcium < 8.6 mg/dL, and 25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL, which will be assessed using biochemical methods. Secondary outcomes, including maternal behavioral changes, infant growth, and development, will be assessed using questionnaires in the third trimester and six months after delivery. The Primary Health Center (PHC) is the unit of randomization. Twenty PHCs in Thiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio based on inclusion criteria.The intervention comprises two phases. Phase I will be conducted in the PHC and will include teaching and discussion, food plate counseling, a food selection workshop, and a cooking demonstration on a group basis, with handouts on micronutrients provided. Phase II will take place at home and will consist of a home visit featuring a modified Paramapadham mini flash card game and a cooking demonstration, along with micronutrient handouts to reinforce learning. For the control group, only routine care will be provided by healthcare professionals at the PHCs. Discussion: Engaging rural antenatal women in reducing micronutrient deficiencies (iron, calcium, and vitamin D) remains a challenge and is often a missed opportunity for prevention. The community-based, familyfocused experiential learning intervention primarily targets these deficiencies and aims to bridge evidence gaps on utilizing pregnancy as a key period to improve micronutrient status. If successful, this approach could significantly enhance the health of women in resource-limited settings worldwide. Trial registration: Clinical Trial Registry, REF/2022/06/055817 N

Effectiveness of a Pharmacist-Guided Digital Learning Program on Prenatal Nutrition Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices

Venkateswaramurthy. N — 2025-10-30

Maternal malnutrition remains a significant public health concern, particularly in low-resource settings such as India.This quasi-experimental study assessed the impact of a pharmacistguided digital learning program on prenatal nutrition knowledge, perceptions, and practices among 160 pregnant women in Tamil Nadu, India. Participants were divided into intervention (n=80) and control (n=80) groups. The intervention group received an 8-week mobile app–based educational program with weekly pharmacist-led telephonic follow-ups, while the control group received standard antenatal counselling.Post-intervention, the intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in all outcomes: knowledge (+31.8% vs. +5.5%), perceptions (+0.84 vs. +0.15 Likert points), practices (+21.2% vs. +4.1%), and supplement adherence (+2.9 vs. +0.5 points), all with p<0.001. The program’s success is linked to its interactive, culturally tailored content and pharmacist facilitation, grounded in the Health Belief Model.These findings highlight the effectiveness and scalability of integrating digital health tools with pharmacist support to address maternal malnutrition in resource-limited settings and suggest a promising model for enhancing antenatal nutrition education.

Review on Probiotics as Wound Healers: Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Outcomes

Sitalakshmi Thyagarajan — 2025-10-30

A wound is an injury to living tissue that can vary in severity from minor scratches and abrasions to deep lacerations, and punctures. They often require medical attention to prevent infection and promote healing. Conventional approaches to wound care frequently utilize antiseptics and antibiotics, which may occasionally impede the healing process and lead to antibiotic resistance. Recent research has explored alternative treatments, with probiotics emerging as a promising option due to their beneficial effects on wound healing. Recent research indicates that certain probiotic strains can enhance wound healing through multiple mechanisms. Studies have shown promising results in both in vitro and in vivo models, demonstrating accelerated wound closure rates and improved healing outcomes. Applying probiotics in wound care could offer a novel, cost-effective approach to treatment, potentially reducing the use of antibiotics and addressing challenges posed by antibioticresistant bacteria. This review examines the potential role of probiotics in wound healing, focusing on the mechanisms through which they exert their effects, their clinical applications, and the current evidence supporting their use. It examines how probiotics can influence the wound healing process through modulation of the immune system, production of antimicrobial substances, and enhancement of epithelial barrier function.

Sustainable Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Clove and Cinnamon: A Study on Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties

Sangeetha V — 2025-10-30

This study explores the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using clove and cinnamon extracts as natural reducing agents. The eco-friendly approach minimizes toxic chemicals, making it a sustainable alternative to conventional methods. The synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using UV, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and DLS techniques. Antioxidant activity was assessed via DPPH and nitric oxide scavenging assays, revealing significant radical scavenging properties. Cytotoxicity analysis against HepG2 cells demonstrated dose-dependent effects, with an IC50 value of 147.44 μg/mL, suggesting potential anticancer applications. These findings highlight the dual benefits of green synthesis—environmental sustainability and biomedical potential—positioning ZnO NPs as promising agents in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and environmental applications.

Patterns and Determinants of Prolonged Galactagogue use among Mothers of Preterm Infants: A Secondary Analysis of the FILM Trial

Urmila Umasekar — 2025-10-30

Galactagogues are substances used to enhance breastmilk production in lactating mothers. They can be categorized into oral pharmaceutical drugs and powdered lactation supplements. While intended for short-term use, concerns arise regarding prolonged intake, particularly when prescribed on an asneeded basis. This study examines the prevalence, prescribing patterns, and factors influencing prolonged galactagogue use among mothers of preterm infants (27–34 weeks gestation).This study is a secondary analysis of data from the FILM trial (CTRI/2022/10/046204), focusing on control group participants. A prospective observational approach was used to collect data between January 2022 and September 2024 in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 110 mothers of singleton preterm infants (27–336 weeks GA) were included. Data on galactagogue type (oral drug vs. powder form), initiation timing, dosage, prescribing patterns (routine vs. if necessary), and duration of use were analyzed. Logistic regression was performed to assess predictors of prolonged use, with results reported as adjusted odds ratios (AOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).Among 110 participants, 69 (62.7%) reported galactagogue use. Oral drugs were initiated at a median of 3 postnatal days (IQR: 2–5), while powdered supplements were commonly consumed once or twice daily. 31 (45.2%) of galactagogue users continued intake beyond prescription, and 20 (28.9%) used them without medical consultation. 27 (39.1%) of mothers who received SOS (if necessary) prescriptions transitioned to continuous use, citing concerns about milk supply. 45(65.3%) of galactagogue users inquired about discontinuation guidance. Mothers who received SOS prescriptions were 2.8 times more likely to continue using galactagogues beyond the prescribed duration (AOR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.32–6.10, p = 0.011). Additionally, mothers who perceived their milk supply as low were 3.2 times more likely to prolong use (AOR 2.21, 95% CI: 1.45–7.12, p = 0.004). Galactagogue use was common among preterm mothers, with a significant proportion continuing beyond prescription, particularly when prescribed on an SOS order. Uncertainty regarding discontinuation and maternal perceived low milk supply played key roles in prolonged use. Strengthening lactation counseling and clearer prescribing guidelines may help optimize galactagogue use and support maternal confidence in breastfeeding.

Heavy metal contamination in water matrices its ecotoxicology and adsorption based removal strategies

J. Vinothini — 2025-12-18

Global wastewater generation and its total pollutant load are rising due to population expansion, faster urbanisation, and economic development. Heavy metals, toxic in low concentrations and possessing a low level of degradability, are considered more persistent and pose more detrimental effects on the water matrices than other pollutants. Its bioaccumulation and ecotoxicological effects increase toxicity for humans and marine biota. Hence, it's imperative to remove heavy metals from water. Various methods have been discussed for removing heavy metals from water based on their advantages and disadvantages. Adsorption-based removal strategies are widely used due to their consistently enhanced removal effectiveness, decreased costs, and ease and simplicity in developing innovative adsorbents. In this study, the adsorption capacity of different adsorbents in the removal of heavy metals has been discussed. Mechanisms involving the removal of heavy metals from water by diverse adsorbent materials were also summarised.