Parental Attitudes on Autism Spectrum Disorder Development Among Children in Malaysia: A Review

Abstract

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition that has been increasingly recognized worldwide, including in Malaysia. However, there remains a gap in understanding the prevalence, parental attitudes, cultural influences, and the role of knowledge and awareness in shaping societal acceptance of ASD. This review aims to describe the prevalence of ASD among children in Malaysia, determine the role of parental attitudes in the developmental outcomes of children with ASD, examine the impact of cultural beliefs and social norms on parental attitudes, and explain how parental knowledge and awareness influence their acceptance of ASD children. Existing data shows that the prevalence of ASD in Malaysia is rising, partly due to increased awareness and improved diagnostic tools. It was recorded that 1 in 625 Malaysian children had ASD. Studies show a substantial increase in diagnosed cases, particularly in urban areas such as Selangor. High parental stress, lack of coping mechanisms, and financial burdens contribute to poorer developmental outcomes, thus, positive parental attitudes are associated with better social skills and emotion regulation in ASD children. In Malaysia, traditional and religious beliefs often contribute to stigma, leading to misconceptions about ASD being linked to karma or supernatural causes. This discourages parents from seeking early intervention and support. Research suggests that higher awareness levels are associated with earlier diagnosis, better intervention outcomes, and reduced stigma. It also improves parental understanding and support for ASD children.