Biosynthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Using Adina Cordifolia: In Vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic Potential, Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Effects

Abstract

Nanobiotechnology, a rapidly emerging field within nanomedicine, is gaining interest due to its potential to develop enhanced therapies. Further research is needed to improve the efficacy and safety of these medications. Synthesized A. cordifolia mediated Iron oxide nanoparticles (A. cordifolia-IONPs) were comprehensively characterized using various physicochemical techniques. UV-visible spectroscopy of the A. cordifolia plant extract exhibited distinct absorption red peaks at 400 and 430 nm. Then, synthesized IONPs with A. cordifolia exhibited distinct absorption peaks at 437 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which showed distinctive bands at 3217 cm⁻¹, 2972.6 cm⁻¹, 1648.8 cm⁻¹, 1568 cm⁻¹, 1326 cm⁻¹, 1154.3 cm⁻¹, 1024.3 cm⁻¹, 825 cm⁻¹, 691 cm⁻¹, and 420 cm⁻¹ that were compatible with the synthesis of IONPs. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the material had an orthorhombic, average crystalline size of 36.06 nm, and a structural study showed that it had a smooth surface in spherical shape with a particle size of about 43.5 nm. A. cordifolia mediated IONPs inhibit α-amylase concentration-dependently, ranging from 30- 77.4% (IC50 value of 26.360 μg/mL; 26.360 μg: R2 = 0.986). The β-glucosidase assay shows a dose-dependent inhibition range of 15.7-84.7% at concentrations of 10-50 μg/mL (IC50 25.705 μg/mL; R² 0.9433), with a statistically significant *** p-value < 0.0001. Followed by the antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic effect, as evaluated by the brine shrimp fatality experiment, was reduced. Exposed to greater amounts of the extract (40 and 80 μg/mL), the number of dead embryos was significantly (p < 0.01).